History of Facebook

Facebook is a social networking service launched in February 2004, owned and operated by Facebook, Inc. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University students Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes. The website's membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League, and gradually most universities in Canada and the United States, corporations, and by September 2006, to everyone of age 13 and older with a valid email address.


Facemash, the Facebook’s predecessor, opened on October 28, 2003. Initially, the website was invented by a Harvard student, Mark Zuckerberg, and three of his classmates – Andrew McCollum, Chris Hughes and Dustin Moskovitz. Zuckerberg wrote the software for the Facemash website when he was in his second year of college. The website was set up as a type of “hot or not” game for Harvard students. The website allowed visitors to compare two student pictures side-by-side and let them choose who was “hot” and who was “not”.
That night, Zuckerberg wrote the following blog entries:
I'm a little intoxicated, not gonna lie. So what if it's not even 10 pm and it's a Tuesday night? What? The Kirkland dormitory facebook is open on my desktop and some of these people have pretty horrendous facebook pics. I almost want to put some of these faces next to pictures of farm animals and have people vote on which is more attractive.
—9:49 pm
Yea, it's on. I'm not exactly sure how the farm animals are going to fit into this whole thing (you can't really ever be sure with farm animals...), but I like the idea of comparing two people together.
—11:10 pm
Let the hacking begin.
—12:57 am
According to The Harvard Crimson, Facemash "used photos compiled from the online facebooks of nine Houses, placing two next to each other at a time and asking users to choose the 'hotter' person". To accomplish this, Mark Zuckerberg hacked the "facebooks" Harvard maintained to help students identify each other and used the images to populate his Facemash website.
Harvard at that time did not have a student directory with photos and basic information, and with the initial site generated 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online. That the initial site mirrored people’s physical community—with their real identities—represented the key aspects of what later became Facebook.
"Perhaps Harvard will squelch it for legal reasons without realizing its value as a venture that could possibly be expanded to other schools (maybe even ones with good-looking people...)," Zuckerberg wrote in his personal blog. "But one thing is certain, and it’s that I’m a jerk for making this site. Oh well. Someone had to do it eventually..." The site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers. However, the website was shut down by Harvard executives a few days after it opened. Mark Zuckerberg faced charges of violating copyrights, breach of security, and violating individual privacy for stealing the student pictures that he used to populate the website. He later faced expulsion from Harvard University for his actions. However, all the charges were eventually dropped.
Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final. He uploaded 500 Augustan images to a website, with one image per page along with a comment section. He opened the site up to his classmates and people started sharing their notes. "The professor said it had the best grades of any final he’d ever given. This was my first social hack. With Facebook, I wanted to make something that would make Harvard more open," Zuckerberg said in a TechCrunch interview.
On October 25, 2010, entrepreneur and banker Rahul Jain auctioned off FaceMash.com to an unknown buyer for $30,201.

thefacebook.com / thefacebook.us

In Jan 2004, Level Zuckerberg started composing the value for a new web page, known as 'thefacebook'. He said in an article in The Stanford Violet that he was motivated to make Facebook or myspace from the occurrence of Facemash: "It is obvious that the technological innovation required to make a central Website is easily obtainable ... the advantages are many."[9] On Feb 4, 2004, Zuckerberg released "Thefacebook", originally situated at thefacebook.com.[18] He informed The Violet, "Everyone’s been discussing a lot about a worldwide experience guide within Stanford. I think it’s kind of foolish that it would take the School many years to get around to it as I can do it better than they can, and I can do it weekly."[19] Zuckerberg also his objective to make a worldwide web page that can get in touch with individuals around the university. According to his partner, Dustin Moskovitz, "When Level completed the web page, he informed a number of buddies ... then one of them recommended placing it on the Kirkland House online subscriber list, which was ... three number of individuals." Moskovitz ongoing to say that, “By the end of the night, we were ... definitely viewing the signing up process. Within twenty-four hours, we had somewhere between 12 number of and 15 number of registrants."

Just six days after the release of the web page, three Stanford School elderly people, Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss, and Divya Narendra, charged Zuckerberg of deliberately deceiving them into knowing that he would help them develop a online community known as HarvardConnection.com, but instead using their idea to develop a competitive product. The three reported to the Violet, and the paper started an research. Zuckerberg realized about the research so he used TheFacebook.com to find associates in the web page who determined themselves as associates of the Violet. He analyzed a record of unsuccessful logins to see if any of the Violet associates have ever signed up with an wrong security password into TheFacebook.com. In the situations in which they had did not sign in, Level tried to use them to accessibility the Violet members' Stanford e-mail options, and he was effective in obtaining two of them. In the end, three Violet associates authorized a court action against Zuckerberg which was later resolved.

Membership was originally limited to learners of Stanford School. Within the first 30 days, more than 50 percent the undergrad inhabitants at Stanford was authorized on the service. Zuckerberg was soon signed up with in the marketing of the web page by Eduardo Saverin (business aspects), Dustin Moskovitz (programmer), Phil McCollum (graphic artist), and Frank Gaines. In April 2004, Facebook or myspace extended to Stanford, Mexico, and Yale.[2] This development ongoing when it started out to all Ivy Group and Boston-area educational institutions. It progressively achieved most colleges in North america and the U. s. Declares. Facebook or myspace was integrated during summer time time season of 2004, and the business owner He Parker, who had been informally suggesting Zuckerberg, became the organization's chief executive. In July 2004, Facebook or myspace shifted its platform of functions to Palo Alto, Florida.The company decreased ‘The’ from its name after buying the sector address facebook.com in 2005 for $200,000.[28] Thefacebook circa 2004 has been cut back in 2013 and is on show at http://www.thefacebook.us/. Customers can sign-up on it with their regular Facebook or myspace consideration.

History of the web browser

The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee. It was called WorldWideWeb (no spaces) and was later renamed Nexus. In 1993, Marc Andreesen created a browser that was easy to use and install with the release of Mosaic (later Netscape), "the world's first popular browser", which made the World Wide Web system easy to use and more accessible to the average person. Andreesen's browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. These are the two major milestones in the history of the Web.

1980s to early 1990s

Twenty six years ago, growing on ideas from futurist Ted Nelson, Neil Larson's commercial DOS Maxthink summarize system included position segment hypertext leaps (adopted by later web browsers) to and from ASCII, set, and other Maxthink details up to 32 levels deep.[citation needed] In 1986 he launched his DOS Houdini network internet browser system that reinforced 2500 subjects cross-connected with 7500 hyperlinks in each computer file along with hypertext hyperlinks among endless numbers of exterior ASCII, set, and other Houdini details.[citation needed]

In 1987, these abilities were involved in his then popular shareware DOS computer file internet browser applications HyperRez (memory resident) and PC Hypertext (which also included leaps to applications, publishers, visual details containing hot spots leaps, and cross-linked theraurus/glossary files). These applications presented many to the internet browser idea and 20 decades later, Google still details 3,000,000 sources to PC Hypertext. In 1989, he designed both HyperBBS and HyperLan which both allow several customers to create/edit both subjects and leaps for details and details annealing which, in idea, the journalist David C. Dvorak says pre-dated Rss feeds by many decades.[citation needed]

From 1987 on, he also designed TransText (hypertext word processor) and many resources for rapidly building extensive computer ... and in 1989 helped produce for one of the big eight bookkeeping firms[citation needed] a extensive details system of developing all bookkeeping laws/regulations into a CDROM containing 50,000 details with 200,000 hypertext leaps. Additionally, the Lynx (a very beginning web-based browser) development history notices their venture source was depending on the internet browser ideas from Neil Larson and Maxthink.In 1989, he dropped becoming a member of the Variety internet browser team with his preference for knowledge/wisdom development over circulating details ... a issue he says is still not fixed by modern internet.

Another beginning internet browser, Silversmith, was designed by David Pants later. The internet browser, depending on SGML labels, used a tag set from the Digital Papers Project of the AAP with minimal variations and was sold to a number of beginning adopters. At the time SGML was used only for the style of printed records. The use of SGML for digitally shown records signaled a move in electronic posting and was met with significant level of resistance. Silversmith involved a indexer, full written text queries, hypertext hyperlinks between pictures written text and sound using SGML labels and a return collection for use with hypertext hyperlinks. It involved features that are still not available in modern internet explorer. These include abilities such as the capability to limit queries within document components, queries on listed records using wild cards and the capability to search on tag feature principles and feature names.

Starting in 1988, Chris Scott and Earle Fogel extended the earlier HyperRez idea in creating Hytelnet which included leaps to telnet sites ... and which by 1990 offered customers instant logon and access to the online online catalogs of over 5000 collections all over the globe. The strength of Hytelnet was speed and convenience in link creation/execution at the price of a central globally source for adding, listing, and changing telnet hyperlinks.[citation needed] This issue was fixed by the innovation of the web hosting server.

A NeXT Computer was used by Tim Berners-Lee (who developed the use of hypertext for discussing information) as the first Web hosting server, and also an early Web web browser, WorldWideWeb in 1990. Berners-Lee presented it to co-workers at CERN in Apr 1991. Since then the growth of Web internet explorer has been inseparably connected with the growth of the Web itself.

In Apr 1990, a set up certain program for a shop bought customer system for surfing around pages via hyperlinks "PageLink" was suggested by Todd Cockburn at Electronic Equipment Co Ltd (DEC) while working in their Social media and Devices department in Studying, Britain. This program for a keyboardless touchscreen technology web browser for customers also makes referrals to "navigating and searching text" and "bookmarks" was targeted at (quotes paraphrased) "replacing books", "storing a shopping list" "have an modified customized paper modified throughout the clock", "dynamically modified charts for use in a car" and indicates such a system could have a "profound effect on the advertising industry". The certain was processed by Electronic as too innovative and, being mostly components based, had challenges to promote that simply software motivated techniques did not experience from.

History of the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, just as e-mail also does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web.
The hypertext portion of the Web in particular has an intricate intellectual history; notable influences and precursors include Vannevar Bush's Memex, IBM's Generalized Markup Language,and Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu.
The concept of a home-based global information system goes at least as far back as "A Logic Named Joe", a 1946 short story by Murray Leinster, in which computer terminals, called "logics," were in every home. Although the computer system in the story is centralized, the story captures some of the feeling of the ubiquitous information explosion driven by the Web.

1979–1991: Development of the World Wide Web

In 1980, Tim Berners-Lee, an separate specialist at the Western Company for Atomic Analysis (CERN), Swiss, designed ENQUIRE, as a individual information source of individuals and application designs, but also as a way to perform with hypertext; each new web page of details in ENQUIRE had to be connected to an current web page.

In 1984 Berners-Lee came back to CERN, and regarded its issues of details presentation: physicists from all over the globe required to work together, and with no typical devices and no typical demonstration application. He had written a offer in April 1989 for "a huge hypertext information source with entered links", but it produced little attention. His manager, Scott Sendall, motivated Berners-Lee to start applying his program on a recently obtained NeXT work area. He regarded several titles, such as Information Capable, The Information My own (turned down as it abbreviates to TIM, the WWW's creator's name) or My own of Information (turned down because it abbreviates to MOI which is "Me" in French), but resolved on World Extensive Web.

He discovered an passionate collaborator in John Cailliau, who rewrote the offer (published on Nov 12, 1990) and desired sources within CERN. Berners-Lee and Cailliau delivered their concepts to the Western Meeting on Hypertext Technological innovation in Sept 1990, but discovered no providers who could appreciate their perspective of getting married to hypertext with the On the internet.

By Xmas 1990, Berners-Lee had designed all the resources necessary for a operating Web: the HyperText Exchange Method (HTTP) 0.9, the HyperText Markup Terminology (HTML), the first Web internet browser (named WorldWideWeb, which was also a Web editor), the first HTTP hosting server application (later known as CERN httpd), the first web hosting server (http://info.cern.ch), and the first Websites that described the venture itself. The internet browser could accessibility Usenet newsgroups and FTP data files as well. However, it could run only on the NeXT; Nicola Pellow therefore designed a easy written text internet browser that could run on almost any pc known as the Range Method Browser. To motivate use within CERN, Bernd Pollermann put the CERN cellphone listing on the web — formerly customers had to log onto the mainframe to be able to look up contact figures.

According to Tim Berners-Lee, the Web was mainly developed in the Developing 31 at CERN ( 46.2325°N 6.0450°E ) but also at house, in the two homes he resided in during that period (one in Portugal, one in Switzerland).

On Aug 6, 1991, Berners-Lee released a brief conclusion of the Globe Extensive Web venture on the alt.hypertext newsgroup.[10] Now frame also noticeable the first appearance of the Web as a openly available assistance on the On the internet.

The WorldWideWeb (WWW) venture is designed to allow all hyperlinks to be created to any details anywhere. [...] The WWW venture was began to allow great power physicists to work together, details, and certification. We are very enthusiastic about growing the web to other places, and having entrance web servers for other details. Collaborators welcome!" —from Tim Berners-Lee's first message

Paul Kunz from the Stanford Straight line Decrease Middle frequented CERN in Sept 1991, and was fascinated by the Web. He introduced the NeXT application returning to SLAC, where librarian Patricia Addis tailored it for the VM/CMS os on the IBM mainframe as a way to show SLAC’s collection of online documents;[7] this was the first web hosting server outside of Western countries and the first in Northern The united states.[11]

An beginning CERN-related participation to the Web was the parody group Les Horribles Cernettes, whose marketing picture is considered to be among the Internet's first five images.

Google Chrome

Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google that uses the WebKit layout engine. It was released as a beta version for Microsoft Windows on September 2, 2008, and as a stable public release on December 11, 2008. As of February 2013, according to StatCounter, Google Chrome had 37% worldwide usage share of web browsers making it the most widely used web browser according to StatCounter. Net Applications, however, indicates that Chrome is only third when it comes to the size of its user base, behind Internet Explorer and Firefox.
In September 2008, Google released a large portion of Chrome's source code as an open source project called Chromium,on which Chrome releases are still based.


History

Google's Eric Schmidt opposed the development of an independent web browser for six years. He stated that "at the time, Google was a small company", and he did not want to go through "bruising browser wars". After co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page hired several Mozilla Firefox developers and built a demonstration of Chrome, however, Schmidt admitted that "It was so good that it essentially forced me to change my mind".


Development

Chrome was constructed from 25 different value collections from Search engines and third events such as Mozilla's Netscape Convenient Playback, System Security Services, NPAPI, Skia Design Motor, SQLite, and a number of other open-source tasks.[33] The V8 JavaScript exclusive machine was considered a completely essential venture to be divided off (as was Adobe/Mozilla's Tamarin) and managed by a individual group in Denmark synchronized by Lars Bak at Aarhus. According to Search engines, current implementations were designed "for small programs, where the performance and interaction of the system weren't that important", but web programs such as Googlemail "are using the web internet browser to the maximum when it comes to DOM manipulations and JavaScript", and therefore would considerably benefit from a JavaScript engine that could speed up.

Web internet browser utilization for Wikimedia guests as of Oct 2012.[34] I.E. = Internet Traveler.
Chrome uses the WebKit making engine to show web pages, on advice from the Android operating system group. Firefox is examined internal with unit examining, "automated user interface examining of scripted customer actions", felt examining, as well as WebKit's structure assessments (99% of which Firefox is stated to have passed) and against generally utilized websites inside the Search engines catalog within 20–30 minutes.
Google created Equipment for Firefox, which included features for web designers generally about the building of web programs, such as off-line assistance. However, Search engines removed Equipment in support of HTML5.
On Jan 11, 2011 the Firefox product administrator, Scott Jazayeri, declared that Firefox would eliminate H.264 movie codec assistance for its HTML5 player, stating the desire to bring Search engines Firefox more in line with the currently available start codecs available in the Chromium venture, which Firefox is based on.[36] Despite this, on Nov 6, 2012, Search engines launched a edition of Firefox on Windows which included hardware-accelerated H.264 movie understanding. As of Jan 2013, there has been no further statement about the future of Firefox H.264 assistance.
On Feb 7, 2012, Search engines launched Search engines Firefox Try out for Android operating system 4.0 (Ice Lotion Sandwich) gadgets. On new gadgets with Jam Vegetable preinstalled, Firefox is the standard internet browser.


Windows 8 mode

In March 2012 Google announced the development of a version of Chrome for both the Metro and desktop versions of Windows 8.[40] After the release of Windows 8, a new version of the browser was released to work with the Microsoft Metro/Modern design. The browser can be run on both Desktop and Metro version. The title-bar changes to black when it is switched to Windows 8 mode. Only Pepper API plugins run in Windows 8 mode.

History of Google

Google began in March 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Ph.D. students at Stanford[1] working on the Stanford Digital Library Project (SDLP). The SDLP's goal was “to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library" and was funded through the National Science Foundation among other federal agencies.[2][3][4][5] In search for a dissertation theme, Page considered—among other things—exploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web, understanding its link structure as a huge graph.[6] His supervisor Terry Winograd encouraged him to pick this idea (which Page later recalled as "the best advice I ever got"[7]) and Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, considering the number and nature of such backlinks to be valuable information about that page (with the role of citations in academic publishing in mind).[6] In his research project, nicknamed "BackRub", he was soon joined by Sergey Brin, a fellow Stanford Ph.D. student supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship.[2] Brin was already a close friend, whom Page had first met in the summer of 1995 in a group of potential new students which Brin had volunteered to show around the campus.[6] Page's web crawler began exploring the web in March 1996, setting out from Page's own Stanford home page as its only starting point.[6] To convert the backlink data that it gathered into a measure of importance for a given web page, Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm.[6] Analyzing BackRub's output—which, for a given URL, consisted of a list of backlinks ranked by importance—it occurred to them that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results than existing techniques (existing search engines at the time essentially ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page).[6][8]
A small search engine called "RankDex" from IDD Information Services (a subsidiary of Dow Jones) designed by Robin Li was, since 1996, already exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking.[9] The technology in RankDex would be patented[10] and used later when Li founded Baidu in China.[11][12]
Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. By early 1997, the backrub page described the state as follows:[13]
Some Rough Statistics (from August 29th, 1996)
Total indexable HTML urls: 75.2306 Million
Total content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on an Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks.
-Larry Page pagecs.stanford.edu
Originally the search engine used the Stanford website with the domain google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on September 15, 1997. They formally incorporated their company, Google Inc., on September 4, 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California.
Both Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an "advertising funded search engines" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the topic while still students. However, they soon changed their minds and early on allowed simple text ads.[14]


Google Home Page September 1998

By the end of 1998, Google had an index of about 60 million pages.[15] The home page was still marked "BETA", but an article in Salon.com already argued that Google's search results were better than those of competitors like Hotbot or Excite.com, and praised it for being more technologically innovative than the overloaded portal sites (like Yahoo!, Excite.com, Lycos, Netscape's Netcenter, AOL.com, Go.com and MSN.com) which at that time, during the growing dot-com bubble, were seen as "the future of the Web", especially by stock market investors.[15]
In March 1999, the company moved into offices at 165 University Avenue in Palo Alto, home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups.[16] After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003.[17] The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the Googleplex (a play on the word googolplex, a number that is equal to 1 followed by a googol of zeros). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million.[18]
The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design.[19] In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords.[1] The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.[1] Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and click-throughs, with bidding starting at $.05 per click.[1] This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by Goto.com (later renamed Overture Services, before being acquired by Yahoo! and rebranded as Yahoo! Search Marketing).[20][21][22] While many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.[1]
Google's declared code of conduct is "Don't be evil", a phrase which they went so far as to include in their prospectus (aka "S-1") for their 2004 IPO, noting that "We believe strongly that in the long term, we will be better served—as shareholders and in all other ways—by a company that does good things for the world even if we forgo some short term gains."

History of Gmail

The public record of Googlemail goes back to 2004. Googlemail, a free, advertising-supported internet mail service with support for Email customers, is a product from Search engines. Over its record, the Googlemail interface has become incorporated with various other goods and solutions from the company, with basic incorporation as aspect of Search engines Account and specific incorporation points with solutions such as Search engines Schedule, Search engines Talk, and Search engines Hype. It has also been made available as aspect of Search engines Applications.

Extended beta phase:-

Googlemail started what finished up being a five-year try out stage in April 2004, when Search engines welcomed about 1,000 opinion management and then permitted them to encourage their buddies, and close relatives to become try out evaluators, with tests beginning on 21 April 2004.

Gmail was made available to the public by Search engines on 1 Apr 2004, after comprehensive gossips of its lifestyle during examining. Due to the Apr Fool's Day launch, the organization's news launch turned on uncertainty in the technological innovation globe, especially since Search engines had been known to create Apr Fool's humor in the past, such as PigeonRank. However, they described that their real laugh had been an argument saying that they would take offshoring to the excessive by putting workers in a "Google Copernicus Center" on the Celestial satellite. Jonathan Rosenberg, Google vice-president of products, was estimated by BBC News as saying, "We are very serious about Googlemail."
Active customers from the Blog writer.com community were offered the chance to join in the beta-testing on 20 Apr and later, Googlemail associates sometimes obtained "invites" which they could increase to their buddies. One circular of encourages was sent out on 1 May and another three encourages were given to all effective associates on 1 This summer. When Googlemail improved the supply of encourages, the dealing market for Googlemail encourages flattened.[8]
During the beginning months of the preliminary try out stage, Gmail's well-publicized function set and the unique characteristics of the records triggered the upgraded cost of Googlemail encourages to increase. According to PC World journal, Googlemail encourages were promoting on eBay for as much as US$150, with some specific records being sold for thousands of dollars. After a new circular of encourages in beginning This summer, the cost for encourages dropped down to between US$2–$5. Several philanthropic Googlemail customers have utilized services such as the now defunct GmailSwap to give encourages to people who want them. On 28 This summer 2004, Search engines revised its policy to prohibit the promoting of authorized records.
In Jan 2005, Protection experts discovered a critical defect in the managing of Googlemail information that would allow online hackers to easily access private e-mails from any Googlemail customer's consideration. This was published with information to well-known technological innovation website Slashdot at 9:23 a.m. PST on 12 Jan 2005. On 13 Jan 2005, designers at Googlemail declared that they had set the problem and that the protection defect had been repaired. Despite Gmail's position as a try out program, concerns were brought up among some customers who were using Googlemail as their primary email consideration.[10] On 1 Apr 2005, Exactly one season after the preliminary launch, Googlemail improved the mail box size to 2 GB, advertising it as 2GB plus and presented some other new features, such as partitioned modifying which provided customers the option of delivering information in HTML or simply text.
On 7 This summer 2005, The Googlemail Invites Spooler was deactivated by the website owner, following a direct demand from the Googlemail item administrator to closed it down. The assistance was presented in Popular Science journal and had given out over 1.2 thousand Googlemail records.[11]
As of 22 This summer 2005, Gmail's canonical URI changed from http://gmail.google.com/gmail/ to http://mail.google.com/mail/.
As of Nov 2010, those who entered in the former URI were rerouted to the latter.
On 2 Nov 2006, Search engines started offering a mobile-application based edition of its Googlemail item for cell cellular phones capable of running Coffee programs. In addition, Dash declared independently that it would create the program available from its Perspective and Power Perspective home pages, pre installed onto some new Dash cellular phones. The program gives Googlemail its own custom selection system and the website shows accessories, such as images and records in the program.[13][14]
On 28 Jan 2007, Search engines Documents & Excel spreadsheets was incorporated with Googlemail, providing the capability to open connected Ms Word DOC information directly from Googlemail.[15] On 24 Oct 2007, Search engines declared that IMAP was available for all records, such as Search engines Applications for your Domain. On 8 Dec 2008, Search engines added a to-do list to Googlemail. When the new Projects function is permitted, a box shows up on top of the Googlemail window. In it, customers can add, reorder and remove tasks. It is also possible to allocate a due date to each action and even turn e-mails into tasks. On 24 Feb 2009, Googlemail experienced a two and 30 minutes failure, impacting 100 thousand records.
 On 7 july 2009, Googlemail completed its try out position in a move to entice more business use of the assistance.[19][20] On 1 September 2009, Googlemail assistance was disturbed for several hours.
Gmail formally left try out position on 7 July 2009.

Computer network security list

A

ACARM-ng

Administrative domain

AEGIS SecureConnect

Aladdin Knowledge Systems

Alert Logic

AlgoSec

Altor Networks

Anomaly-based intrusion detection system

Anti-pharming

Anti-phishing software

Anti-worm

Application-level gateway

ARP spoofing

ArpON

Asprox botnet

Attack (computing)

Attack tree

Authentication server

B

Bagle (computer worm)

Barracuda Networks

BartVPN

Bastion host

Black hole (networking)

Blacker (security)

BNC (software)

Botnet

BredoLab botnet

Bro (software)

Browser security

Byzantine Foothold

C

Captive portal

Capture the flag

Center for Internet Security

Check Point

Check Point GO

Check Point VPN-1

Christmas tree packet

CimTrak

Cisco Global Exploiter

Cisco PIX

Cisco Security Agent

Cisco Systems VPN Client

Clarified Networks

Clear channel assessment attack

Client Puzzle Protocol

Cloudvpn

Codenomicon

Columbitech

Computer security

Context-based access control

ContraVirus

Core Security Technologies

Countermeasure (computer)

Cracking of wireless networks

Credant Technologies

CronLab

Cryptek

Cutwail botnet

CVSS

Cyber security and countermeasure

CyberCIEGE

Cyberoam

D

Dark Internet

Data breach

DDoS mitigation

Deep content inspection

Deep packet inspection

Defense in depth (computing)

Denial-of-service attack

Device fingerprint

DHIPDS

Differentiated security

Digital Postmarks

Digital security

Distributed firewall

DMZ (computing)

DNS hijacking

DNS rebinding

DNS spoofing

DNSChanger

Donbot botnet

Dual-homed

E

Egress filtering

End node problem

Entrust

ESafe

Evil bit

Extensible Threat Management (XTM)

Extranet

F

Fail2ban

Fake AP

Festi botnet

Finjan

Firewalk (computing)

Firewall (computing)

Firewall pinhole

Firewalls and Internet Security

Fortinet

Forward-confirmed reverse DNS

G

General Dynamics C4 Systems

Generalized TTL security mechanism

Global Internet Freedom Consortium

Golden Frog (company)

Google Safe Browsing

Greynet

Grum botnet

Guided tour puzzle protocol

Gumblar

H

Hole punching

Honeyd

HoneyMonkey

Honeynet Project

Honeypot (computing)

Honeytoken

Host Identity Protocol

I

ICMP hole punching

Identity driven networking

IEC 62351

IEEE 802.1X

IF-MAP

Imperva

Ingress filtering

Institute for Applied Network Security

Integrated Windows Authentication

Inter-protocol exploitation

Internet censorship

Internet censorship circumvention

Internet security

Internet Storm Center

InterWorking Labs

IntruShield

K

KAME project

Kaspersky Anti-Virus

Kelihos botnet

Kerberos (protocol)

Kerio Control

Key distribution center

Knowledge-based authentication

Galina Kofman

Kraken botnet

L

Labris Teknoloji

Lancope

Talk:Lancope/Temp

Lethic botnet

List of cyber attack threat trends

Lorcon

Lumeta Corporation

M

MAC flooding

Mako Networks

Managed security service

Managed VoIP Service

Mariposa botnet

Mastering the Internet

Mega-D botnet

Messaging security

Metasploit Project

Metulji botnet

Microsoft SmartScreen

Middlebox

Miredo

Mobile virtual private network

Monoculture (computer science)

Mu Dynamics

MySecureCyberspace

N

NAT traversal

National Cyber Range

National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace

NeoAccel

Netbox Blue

Netsniff-ng

NetStumbler

Network Access Control

Network Admission Control

Network Based Application Recognition

Network encryption cracking

Network intelligence

Network security policy

Network Security Toolkit

Nfront security

NIST RBAC model

Nitol botnet

NTLM

Null session

Education of Computer

Some colleges and universities educate information technology as a theoretical research of calculations and algorithmic thinking. These applications often feature the concept of calculations, research of methods, official methods, concurrency concept, directories, pc graphics, and systems research, among others. They typically also educate on-line, but treat it as a vessel for the support of other areas of information technology rather than a central concentrate of high-level research. The ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Program Task Force "Computing Program 2005" (and 2008 update) [34] gives a guide for university curriculum.
Other colleges, as well as additional schools and professional applications that educate information technology, highlight the practice of innovative development rather than the concept of methods and calculations in their information technology curricula. Such curricula tend to pay attention to those skills that are important to workers entering the application industry. The process aspects of on-line are often referred to as application technological innovation.
While information technology careers increasingly drive the U.S. economy, information technology knowledge is missing in most American K-12 curricula. A review entitled "Running on Empty: The Failure to Teach K-12 Computer Technology in the Digital Age" was released in Oct 2010 by Organization for Processing Equipment (ACM) and Computer Technology Instructors Organization (CSTA), and exposed that only 14 declares have implemented significant knowledge requirements for university information technology. The review also found that only nine declares count university information technology courses as a primary academic subject in their graduating requirements. In combination with "Running on Empty", a new non-partisan loyality coalition - Processing in the Core (CinC) - was established to influence state and federal policy, such as the Computer Technology Education Act, which calls for grants to declares to develop plans for improving information technology knowledge and supporting information technology teachers.
Within the United States a sex gap in information technology knowledge has been observed as well. Research conducted by the WGBH Educational Foundation and the Organization for Processing Equipment (ACM) exposed that more than twice as many university boys considered information technology to be a “very good” or “good” higher education major than university girls.[35] In addition, the university Advanced Placement (AP) exam for information technology has displayed a difference in sex. Compared to other AP topics it has the lowest variety of female members, with a structure of about 15 % females.[36] This sex gap in information technology is further witnessed at the higher education stage, where 31 % of undergrad information technology degrees are earned by females and only 8 % of information technology faculty consists of females.[37] According to an article published by the Epistemic Games Group in Aug 2012, the variety of females graduate students in the information technology field has dropped to 13 %.

History of computer science

The first fundamentals of what would become information technological innovation predate the innovation of the contemporary digital pc. Devices for determining set statistical projects such as the abacus have persisted since antiquity. Wilhelm Schickard developed the first technical finance calculator in 1623 but did not complete its development.
[2] Blaise Pascal developed and designed the first operating technical finance calculator, the Pascaline, in 1642. In 1694 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz finished the Step Reckoner, the first finance calculator that could perform all four mathematics functions. Charles Babbage developed a difference motor and then a general-purpose Systematic Engine in Victorian times,
[3] for which Ada Lovelace had written a guide. Because of this work she is considered today as the first developer.
[4] Around 1900, hit card machines were presented.
During the Forties, as new and more highly effective processing machines were developed, the term pc came to consult the machines rather than their individual forerunners.
[5] As it became clear that computer systems could be used for more than just statistical computations, the area of information technological innovation enhanced to research calculations in common. Computer technological innovation started to be established as a unique educational self-discipline in the Nineteen sixties and early Sixties.[6]
[7] The globe's first information technological innovation level system, the Arlington Degree in Computer Science, started at the School of Arlington Computer Clinical in 1953. The first information technological innovation level system in the United Declares was established at Purdue School in 1962.
[8] Since practical computer systems became available, many programs of processing have become unique areas of research in their own right.
Although many originally considered it was difficult that computer systems themselves could actually be a medical area of research, in the delayed sixties it progressively became approved among the greater educational inhabitants.
[9] It is the now well-known IBM brand that established aspect of the information technological innovation trend during now. IBM (short for Worldwide Business Machines) launched the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709 computer systems, which were commonly used during the discovery period of such devices. "Still, dealing with the IBM [computer] was annoying...if you had lost as much as one correspondence in one training, the system would accident, and you would have to start the whole process over again".[9] During the delayed Nineteen sixties, the information technological innovation self-discipline was very much in its developing levels, and such issues were very common.
Time has seen important upgrades in the functionality and efficiency of processing technological innovation. The community has seen a important move in the customers of software, from utilization only by experts and professionals, to a near-ubiquitous customers list. Initially, computer systems were quite costly, and some level of individual aid was required for efficient use - in aspect from professional pc providers. As pc adopting became more extensive and affordable, less individual assistance was required for common utilization.

New Technical Assisting People with Main Perspective Loss

For more than 20 years I’ve proved helpful to utilize the power of technological innovation to do social excellent. One area I’ve had the satisfaction to concentrate significant amounts of time and energy on is helping to improve the lives of people with perspective disabilities. So for me, it was amazingly cool to be presented to a new piece of technological innovation that has a brilliant and (as far as I know) new strategy to making information available to people with perspective disabilities. It’s known as MagnaFlyer.

MagnaFlyer was designed with a large and specific viewers in mind—individuals being affected by Macular Damage. Macular Damage is the top cause of long lasting incapacity of fine or close-up perspective among the seniors inhabitants. It is often known as age-related Macular Damage (AMD), though it also impacts younger people in smaller numbers. The illness loss the light-sensitive sensors tissues located in the middle of the retina, resulting in distinct and main perspective reduction. The Facilities for Disease Control and Avoidance calculate that 1.8 thousand People in america outdated 40 and older are affected by AMD and estimate this number will reach near to 3 thousand in 2020.

One essential thing to note is that a individual with AMD generally maintains enough side-line perspective for excellent alignment and flexibility. Those with main perspective reduction can therefore increase their perspective through a remedial technique known as unusual watching. It is a technique by which the individual looks a little bit away from the subject so as to view it using his or her side-line vision. The rod tissues in the unchanged side-line visible area can then take over for the spool tissues in the broken main visible area. This is a complicated scientific task that is difficult to self-teach: it needs the vision and the mind to learn a new technique of seeing, which means obtaining new routines and abilities. Implementing unusual watching is thus best achieved by working with a qualified low perspective specialist. And this is where the MagnaFlyer comes in.

In substance, MagnaFlyer reveals a series of isolated terms in the lovely spot of side-line perspective for the individual with macular deterioration. Let us say that the place where the person's side-line perspective works best is below and to the right of the middle of their visible area. So, the software gets them to concentrate their vision at the higher left-hand area of the pc's display, and then reveals the phrase to be study in the middle of the display. If the user moved their concentrate to the middle of the display, they would not be able to see the phrase, because their main perspective is broken. But by concentrating above and to the right, they can study the phrase in the middle of the display (but off to the side of the middle of their gaze). Denny Moyer, Professional Home of Colorado-based Ensight Skills Facilities for Low Vision Recovery, who presented me to MagnaFlyer, told me that customers can study a given amount of written text several times quicker by having the terms quickly display by in this way, when compared to traditional techniques to reading the same written text.

Of course, written text is pretty globally available on computer systems, so study written text from all kinds of resources (like term processer records, PDFs, web pages). Probably my most favorite aspect of the MagnaFlyer business presentation was easily reducing and sticking a Bookshare e-book I downloadable into the program and seeing it study it (it was a Innovative Commons certified book—so completely legal!).

MagnaFlyer was designed through cooperation between SoftOlogy IdeaWorks, a technological innovation innovation company that produces software to help people speed up the getting knowledge, and an Ensight group of low perspective professionals. I was quite taken with MagnaFlyer’s smart strategy to using a individual's available perspective more effectively! As MagnaFlyer progresses, our group at Benetech is awaiting assisting Ensight in including Bookshare guides as aspect of the MagnaFlyer training course and mentioning the program to even more people who could benefit from it.

Oracle ports DTrace to Oracle Linux

-Oracle has ported one of its most popular Solaris resources to the Linux program foundation, a real-time debugging device known as DTrace, though the company has made it formally available only for its own Oracle Linux program submission.
With the discharge of Oracle Linux program 6.4, Oracle declared that members in its Strong Linux program System (ULN) -- available with a compensated Oracle assistance certificate -- can obtain a duplicate of DTrace for Linux program.
Many Linux program designers and directors have pined for a edition of DTrace to run on Linux program, a few even stating DTrace -- along with the ZFS (Zettabyte Computer file System) -- as a primary reason for not shifting from Solaris to Linux program. Red Hat's SystemTap, among other solutions, copies some of DTrace's performance for Linux program, but doesn't provide the same level of granularity.
Originally developed by Sun Microsystems, which was obtained by Oracle truly, DTrace (Dynamic Searching Facility) provides the capability for designers to debug, or track, problems in the os kernel as well as with applications that run on the program. The program was initially developed for Sun's Solaris Unix submission, but has since been ported to Mac OS X, FreeBSD and NetBSD.
Through the use of probes and a kernel component, the program provides fine-grained details about the procedures operating on a program at once, while including only little expense to that program. Developers and directors can create applications that draw out details about what the kernel, or an program, is doing, with regards to program calling and using sources.
Oracle would not opinion on whether this edition would run on other editions of Linux program. Oracle assessments its edition of DTrace only against its own Oracle Linux program submission. In an Oracle Technological innovation System community, however, a number of commenters mentioned that while the program itself probably would not run on other withdrawals, obtaining a Linux program kernel with a DTrace component should not be too challenging for those knowledgeable in obtaining popcorn kernels.
Oracle is not alone in porting DTrace -- the value for which is available under an open-source certificate -- to Linux program. U.K. designer John Fox is also significant an attempt. In an e-mail, Fox mentioned that while his edition has more functions than Oracle's edition, neither edition is as "hardened" as the Solaris edition.
Oracle Linux program is Oracle's own Linux program submission -- one, like CentOS, intensely based on the Red Hat Business Linux program (RHEL). Oracle Linux program, however, comes with a specific kernel targeted on protection that is managed by Oracle.
Other new functions to Oracle Linux program 6.4 consist of assistance for XFS, which is a high-performance scalable file program, and an upgrade to its KSplice kernel updater. KSplice provides the capability to upgrade the os kernel without taking the program off-line. This new edition allows the kernel to be modified even if the program is not linked with the Internet at enough duration of the upgrade.

Windows 8 uptake slows for third straight month

-Windows 8's utilization speed bogged down in Feb for the third straight 30 days, an research organization said today.

According to Net Programs, Ms windows 8's Feb utilization discuss -- such as what the firm marked as "touch" for Ms windows 8 and Ms windows RT -- was 3% of all Ms windows PCs, up from January's 2.6%.

Windows 8's discuss increase in Feb was about four-tenths of a amount factor, small than January's gain, which in turn was small than either December's or November's.

The new os also dropped further behind the speed set by Ms windows Windows vista in 2007: In its 4th 30 days of accessibility, Windows vista powered approximately 4% of all Ms windows PCs. The full amount factor gap between Ms windows 8 and Windows vista was the biggest so far in the monitoring Computerworld has performed.

Windows 8

This new trend increases the perception by many experts that Ms windows 8 will have a very hard time getting grip because of a pair of factors: First, that customers are put off by the dual-UI (user interface) approach of the OS, and second, that PC sales have been clobbered by a move to pills and mobile phones, many which run rivals' operating-system.

Windows 8's initial utilization velocity also makes it more likely that the new os will be marked as an even bigger failures than Windows vista, which was mostly denied by customers, who trapped with the older XP until Ms windows seven came.

The latter's utilization was a bomb drive compared to Ms windows 8's or Vista's: By the end of its 4th 30 days on the market, Ms windows seven had obtained a 9.7% discuss, more than three times Ms windows 8's.

Even the addition of contact, and Ms windows 8's ability to run on pills, has not materially assisted the OS. Net Applications' statistic of customers running Ms windows 8 from the "Metro" UI increased by just two-hundredths of a amount factor last 30 days, while that for Ms windows RT stayed flat.

Microsoft may be looking at similar information, as this weeks time the Ms windows team's home of devices, Captain christopher Flores, verified that the organization would partner with OEMs to release a second trend of special offers for Ms windows 8 components.

Last few days, U.S. store Best Buy began a two-week deal that reduced touch-enabled Ms windows 8 PCs by $100.

Net Programs also revealed research on other versions of Ms windows.

Both Ms windows XP and Ms windows seven came back to their regular styles, with XP losing half a amount factor to end Feb at 39% of all pcs, or 42.6% of Windows-only machines. Meanwhile, Ms windows seven obtained under one-tenth of a factor to go up to 44.6% of all PCs and 48.6% of all Ms windows PCs.

Windows XP has just over a season left in its tank. Ms plans to pull the support connect in Apr 2014, even if, as Net Applications' information clues, the 11-year-old os then abilities more than 30% of all pcs.

Net Programs measures os utilization by monitoring unique visitors to some 40,000 websites it watches for clients.

Evernote hit in hacking attack, users must reset their passwords Evernote hit in hacking attack, users must reset their passwords Evernote hit in hacking attack, users must reset their passwords

-Evernote, which makes business and consumer productivity software for things like taking notes and doing research, is forcing all of its 50 million users to change their passwords after detecting a hacker intrusion on its sytem.
The attacker gained access to Evernote accounts' usernames, email addresses and passwords.
Although passwords are encrypted, the company "in an abundance of caution" is implementing a password reset, the company said in a blog post on Saturday.
There is no evidence that the malicious hackers accessed user content nor that they got a hold of customers' payment information, according to the company.
The network "suspicious activity" that Evernote detected and blocked was an apparent "coordinated attempt" to break into secure areas of its service, Evernote said in the post.
"After signing in, you will be prompted to enter your new password. Once you have reset your password on evernote.com, you will need to enter this new password in other Evernote apps that you use. We are also releasing updates to several of our apps to make the password change process easier, so please check for updates over the next several hours," reads Evernote's blog post.

Evernote is the latest victim in a recent string of hacking incidents against high-profile technology companies, including Apple, Microsoft, Twitter and Facebook.
Evernote makes free and fee-based applications that can be accessed via web browsers, mobile devices and desktop computers.

Microsoft starts sending cut-off notices to office 365 preview users

- Ms has started to notify clients who finalized up for Workplace 365 registration previews that their 100 % free drive is about to end.

Emails sent by Ms last week summarize what happens when the previews end and desire clients to register to the paying editions of Workplace 365.

Office 365 House Review ends Ms is delivering out Workplace 365 House Top quality preview expiry warnings: Pay up or lose full performance.

"Your Workplace 365 House Top quality Review will end soon, and there are a few significant things for you to know," read one e-mail. 

Another noted: "Your registration to Workplace 365 House Top quality Review will end on Sunday, April 16, 2013. 

To avoid a possible disruption of your registration service, please restore your registration by Sunday, April 16, 2013."

-Microsoft released previews of several Workplace 365 offers, such as the consumer-grade House Top quality, in This summer 2012.

At the time, Ms said that the previews would end about 60 times after the discharge of the final programs in each market. 

Microsoft released Workplace 365 House Top quality in the U.S. on Jan. 29, 2013, and followed with the business-oriented programs on Feb. 27.

The April 16 cut-off mentioned in Windows e-mail would be 47 times after the Jan. 29 launch of House Top quality, or about two weeks shy of the 60 times Ms previously mentioned.

Expired previews act in the same way to lapsed compensated subscriptions: The Workplace 2013 programs drop into a limited-function method that allows clients view and create records only. 

Users cannot create, modify or save records.

To restore the lost performance, a customer must purchase a new registration to Workplace 365, buy a "perpetual license" duplicate of Workplace 2013, re-install an older edition of Workplace, or use the 100 % free cloud-based Workplace Web Applications.

Preview clients must also eliminate Workplace from their PCs before setting up the compensated editions from a real registration, Ms said. To accomplish the elimination of Workplace 2013, Ms has released an computerized "Fixit" tool on its support site, along with specific guidelines for personally eliminating the programs if the Fixit doesn't work.

Office 365 House Top quality costs $99.99 yearly, or $9.99 monthly, and allows members set up Workplace 2013 (Windows) or Workplace for Mac 2011 (OS X) on up to five PCs and Mac pcs in the household.